KOSEN 한인과학기술자네트워크

1. Introduction
2. Potential markets for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
2.1 Residential sector
2.2 Commercial sector
2.3 Industrial sector
3. Fuel cells
3.1 Types of fuel cells
3.2 Global deployment of fuel cells for CHP
3.2.1 Japan
3.2.2 South Korea
3.2.3 Europe
3.2.4 North America
3.3 Technical performance
3.4 Economic performance
3.4.1 Capital costs
3.4.2 Capital cost trends
3.4.3 Running costs
3.5 Environmental impacts
3.5.1 Carbon footprint of construction
3.5.2 CO2 emissions from operation
3.5.3 Other airborne emissions
3.6 User experience compared to other heat technologies
4. Hydrogen
4.1 Hydrogen heat technologies
4.2 Hydrogen delivery infrastructure
4.2.1 Constructing hydrogen pipeline networks
4.2.2 Converting existing gas networks to deliver hydrogen
4.3 Hydrogen production
5. The benefits of hydrogen and fuel cells for national energy systems
5.1 Heat decarbonisation pathways
5.2 Case study: UK heat decarbonisation pathways
5.3 Case studies of fuel cells in individual homes
5.3.1 Case study 1: fuel cell contribution to meeting peak electricity demand
5.3.2 Case study 2: complementing electric vehicles with fuel cell micro-CHP
6. Policy issues
6.1 Support for new heat technologies
6.2 Keeping options open: the special case of hydrogen in the gas grid
7. Conclusions
8. Acknowledgements
9. References

The debate on low-carbon heat in Europe has become focused on a narrow range of technological options and has largely neglected hydrogen and fuel cell technologies, despite these receiving strong support towards commercialisation in Asia. This review examines the potential benefits of these technologies across different markets, particularly the current state of development and performance of fuel cell micro-CHP. Fuel cells offer some important benefits over other low-carbon heating technologies, and steady cost reductions through innovation are bringing fuel cells close to commercialisation in several countries. Moreover, fuel cells offer wider energy system benefits for high-latitude countries with peak electricity demands in winter. Hydrogen is a zero-carbon alternative to natural gas, which could be particularly valuable for those countries with extensive natural gas distribution networks, but many national energy system models examine neither hydrogen nor fuel cells for heating. There is a need to include hydrogen and fuel cell heating technologies in future scenario analyses, and for policymakers to take into account the full value of the potential contribution of hydrogen and fuel cells to low-carbon energy systems.