KOSEN 한인과학기술자네트워크

http://www.er.doe.gov/production/bes/CompSystems.pdf를 참고해 보시기 바랍니다. Executive Summary (first 2 pages of above PDF file) As we look to the next century, we find science and technology at yet another threshold: the study of simplicity will give way to the study of "complexity" as the unifying theme. The triumphs of science in the past century, which improved our lives immeasurably, can be described as elegant solutions to problems reduced to their ultimate simplicity. We discovered and characterized the fundamental particles and the elementary excitations in matter and used them to form the foundation for interpreting the world around us and for building devices to work for us. We learned to design, synthesize, and characterize small, simple molecules and to use them as components of, for example, materials, catalysts, and pharmaceuticals. We developed tools to examine and describe these "simple" phenomena and structures. The new millennium will take us into the world of complexity. Here, simple structures interact to create new phenomena and assemble themselves into devices. Here also, large complicated structures can be designed atom by atom for desired characteristics. With new tools, new understanding, and a developing convergence of the disciplines of physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology, we will build on our 20th century successes and begin to ask and solve questions that were, until the 21st century, the stuff of science fiction. Complexity takes several forms. The workshop participants identified five emerging themes around which research could be organized. Collective Phenomena—Can we achieve an understanding of collective phenomena to create materials with novel, useful properties? We already see the first examples of materials with properties dominated by collective phenomena—phenomena that emerge from the interactions of the components of the material and whose behavior thus differs significantly from the behavior of those individual components. In some cases collective phenomena can bring about a large response to a small stimulus—as seen with colossal magnetoresistance, the basis of a new generation of recording memory media. Collective phenomena are also at the core of the mysteries of such materials as the high-temperature superconductors. Materials by Design—Can we design materials having predictable, and yet often unusual properties? In the past century we discovered materials, frequently by chance, determined their properties, and then discarded those materials that did not meet our needs. Now we will see the advent of structural and compositional freedoms that will allow the design of materials having specific desired characteristics directly from our knowledge of atomic structure. Of particular interest are "nanostructured" materials, with length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers. In this regime, dimensions "disappear," with zero-dimensional dots or nanocrystals, one-dimensional wires, and two-dimensional films, each with unusual properties distinctly different from those of the same material with "bulk" dimensions. We could design materials for lightweight batteries with high storage densities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500°C, and perhaps even for quantum computing. Functional Systems—Can we design and construct multicomponent molecular devices and machines? We have already begun to use designed building blocks to create self-organized structures of previously unimagined complexity. These will form the basis of systems such as nanometer-scale chemical factories, molecular pumps, and sensors. We might even stretch and think of self-assembling electronic/photonic devices. Nature’s Mastery—Can we harness, control, or mimic the exquisite complexity of Nature to create new materials that repair themselves, respond to their environment, and perhaps even evolve? This is, perhaps, the ultimate goal. Nature tells us it can be done and provides us with examples to serve as our models. We learn about Nature’s design rules and try to mimic green plants which capture solar energy, or genetic variation as a route to "self-improvement" and optimized function. These concepts may seem fanciful, but with the revolution now taking place in biology, progressing from DNA sequence to structure and function, the possibilities seem endless. Nature has done it. Why can’t we? New Tools—Can we develop the characterization instruments and the theory to help us probe and exploit this world of complexity? Radical enhancement of existing techniques and the development of new ones will be required for the characterization and visualization of structures, properties, and functions—from the atomic, to the molecular, to the nanoscale, to the macroscale. Terascale computing will be necessary for the modeling of these complex systems. Now is the time. We can now do this research, make these breakthroughs, and enhance our lives as never before imagined. The work of the past few decades has taken us to this point, solving many of the problems that underlie these challenges, teaching us how to approach problems of complexity, giving us the confidence needed to achieve these goals. This work also gave us the ability to compute on our laps with more power than available to the Apollo astronauts on their missions to the moon. It taught us to engineer genes, "superconduct" electricity, visualize individual atoms, build "plastics" ten times stronger than steel, and put lasers on chips for portable CD players. We are ready to take the next steps. Complexity pays dividends. We think of simple silicon for semiconductors, but our CD players depend on dozens of layers of semiconductors made of aluminum, gallium, and arsenic. Copper conducts electricity and iron is magnetic. Superconductors and giant magnetoresistive materials have eight or more elements, all of which are essential and interact with one another to produce the required proper-ties. Nature, too, shows us the value of complexity. Hemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to, for example, the brain, is made up of four protein subunits which interact to vastly increase the efficiency of delivery. As individual subunits, these proteins cannot do the job. The new program. The very nature of research on complexity makes it a "new millennium" program. Its foundations rest on four pillars: physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology. Success will require an unprecedented level of inter-disciplinary collaboration. Universities will need to break down barriers between established departments and encourage the development of teams across disciplinary lines. Interactions between universities and national laboratories will need to be increased, both in the use of the major facilities at the laboratories and also through collaborations among research programs. Finally, understanding the interactions among components depends on understanding the components themselves. Although a great deal has been accomplished in this area in the past few decades, far more remains to be done. A complexity program will complement the existing programs and will ensure the success of both. The benefits are, as they have been at the start of all previous scientific "revolutions," beyond anything we can now foresee. >질문이 좀 막연한것 같기도 한데... >이제는 biology를 분자생물학이나 생화학적인 관점으로 연구하는 것 이외에도 전체를 통들어 complex system으로 바라보고 연구한다고 합니다. 이미 국제적인 조직도 형성되었다고 하는데 그에 관련된 조직의 자료나 기타 정보를 얻을 수 없을까요?

최근 10여년간에 걸쳐 complex system에 대한 개발 방법으로 systems engineering이라는 기술이 학문으로 발전하고 있답니다. 미국을 중심으로 하는 국제 시스템엔지니어링협회에서 복잡한 시스템을 보다 효과적이고 효율적으로 개발하기 위한 연구를 진행하고 있는데, 최근 의학분야에 대해서도 연구논문이 발표되고 있습니다. 참고가 될 것이라고 생각되어 알려드립니다. 도움이 되었으면 합니다. 국내에는 아주대 시스템공학과(대학원만 있음)에서 최초이며 유일하게 시스템엔지니어링을 학제로 연구하고 있답니다. 먼저 incose.org에서 찾는 분야의 성격으로 적합한지를 판단해 보시고, 아울러 아주대 시스템공학과 www.se.iae.re.kr에서 추가적인 정보를 찾아보시기 바랍니다. >질문이 좀 막연한것 같기도 한데... >이제는 biology를 분자생물학이나 생화학적인 관점으로 연구하는 것 이외에도 전체를 통들어 complex system으로 바라보고 연구한다고 합니다. 이미 국제적인 조직도 형성되었다고 하는데 그에 관련된 조직의 자료나 기타 정보를 얻을 수 없을까요?