KOSEN 한인과학기술자네트워크

>남아프리카 공화국의 전력산업의 기술수준에 대하여 알고싶습니다. > >주로 석탄화력발전이나 복합화력발전 기술수준, 최근 기술동향 등에 관심이 있습니다. > >답변 부탁드립니다. ======================================== 첨부한 논문은 Electricity access for the poor: a study of South Africa and Zimbabwe 라는 논문입니다. 그리고 몇가지 논문 더 첨부해 드립니다. 마지막으로 간단하게 아프리카 전력 산업의 아웃라인에 대한 것을 찾아보았습니다. 참고하시기 바랍니다. ELECTRICITY Parastatal company Eskom, one of the largest utilities in the world, generates nearly all of South Africa ’s electricity. Eskom’s 35,060 megawatts (MW) of nominal generating capacity, which is primarily coal-fired (34,532 MW), includes one nuclear power station at Koeberg (1,930 MW), two gas turbine facilities (342 MW), six conventional hydroelectric plants (600 MW), and two hydroelectric pumped-storage stations (1,400 MW). Although Eskom has three mothballed coal-fired facilities (3,800 MW), it produces adequate electricity for domestic use and exports power to Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe. Eskom has asked for government permission to sell three coal-fired plants (1,460 MW) that would otherwise be scrapped. Given the prospect of reaching its peak capacity in 2007, Eskom announced in June 2004 plans to bring its three mothballed power stations back into service at a cost of $1.96 billion. The company, which has little experience in the recommissioning of stations, is looking for a partner to assist in the effort. South African municipalities own and operate 2,436 MW of generating capacity, and an additional 836 MW of generating capacity is privately held. South Africa ’s National Electricity Regulator (NER), which handles licensing of electricity generators, transmitters, and distributors in the country, licensed Eskom as the national distributor. NER oversees the restructuring of South Africa ’s electricity supply industry (ESI) in accordance with existing legislation and the Energy Policy White Paper, both of which are crucial to the government’s continuing electrification program. Montraco, a private company, is licensed to provide transmission service from the National Transmission System to specific points in Mozambique and Swaziland . South Africa ’s excess electricity capacity will likely be exhausted by 2011; if the country’s economy grows at a higher rate than expected, capacity may be exhausted by 2007. In 2004, fears that electricity was becoming unaffordable for the poor forced the NER to stop charging inflated electricity rates to generate income into new generation initiatives. The 2004 tariff rate of 2.5% was set below the rate of inflation to ensure that electricity is affordable for everyone. Improvements are being made to the South African electricity infrastructure. In October 2004, the South African government announced that it would spend $26 billion on its power and transport sector over the next five years. In August 2004, City Power, Johannesburg ’s local power utility, pledged $316 million to decrease power shortages attributed to the dilapidated distribution network, 70% of which is estimated to be between 20 and 40 years old. As part of its rural electrification program, South Africa invited bids to provide 40,000 rooftop solar power systems to rural areas in June 2004. Financing for the project ($19.4 million) was provided by a German development bank, KfW Bankengruppe. Although government efforts to initiate competition in the electricity sector have mandated that Eskom be 30% privatized by 2006, Eskom management has proposed a plan to integrate BEE companies and other private sector firms without privatizing the firm itself. NER’s electricity distribution scheme, revised in 2003 with a new draft Electricity Distribution industry Restructuring Bill, aims to merge Eskom’s distribution assets with the country’s municipal distributors to form six regional electricity distributors (REDS). Eskom will not hold a stake in the REDS; rather they come under the umbrella of a government-controlled holding structure called EDI Holdings (EDI). The South African government will own EDI, envisioned to have a life span of 3-5 years. EDI will hold a percentage of shares (representing Eskom’s contribution of net assets) in the REDS and serve as project manager and advisor, overseeing and coordinating the REDS’ implementation REDS and reporting progress to the South African government. After a transitional period, EDI will dissolve, leaving a number of nominally independent REDS, with their shareholders being the South African government and the various municipalities that contributed net assets. In May 2004, President Thabo Mbeki announced that the first REDS would be ready for operation by June 2005. In December 2001, US-based AES completed its purchase of the 600-MW Kelvin (AES Kelvin) coal-fired power plant from the Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council (GJMC). GJMC will retain a 50% interest in AES Kelvin with shareholder rights limited to protecting the employment of workers for three years. After that time, AES will own 95% of the facility, and its local empowerment partner, Global African Power (GAP), will hold the remaining 5%. AES Kelvin made plans to sell its entire output to City Power Johannesburg, the distribution company for Johannesburg , under a 20-year power purchase agreement. In December 2002, however, AES sold its 95% interest in the Kelvin facility to CDC Globeleq. CDC Globeleq will complete the $25 million investment being made to refurbish the plant and is scheduled to receive its full interest in the project in December 2004. Cape Town is looking for independent power producers (IPP) and public/private partnerships to take over the operations of its Athlone generating facility. The Elitheni Coal proposal, which will give Athlone a generating capacity of 890 MW and utilize offshore natural gas reserves for peak-hour electricity generation, is one of many plans being considered. The Western Power Corridor Project (WESTCO), a proposal to construct a 3,500-MW hydropower station at Inga Dam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and interconnected power lines to supply power to its signatories, was signed by South Africa , the DRC, Namibia , Angola , and Botswana in October 2004. Eskom and similar power utilities in each signatory nation will contribute $100 million, while the remainder of the funding will likely come from the World Bank, the European Development Fund, and private sources. The signing of a memorandum of understanding (MOU) was seen as crucial in attracting needed private sector support. A government decision regarding a proposed 125-165-MW pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR) demonstration unit at Koeberg is expected by the end of 2004. The PBMR creates less spent fuel than the pressurized water reactors (PWR) being used at the current Koeburg facility. The Eskon-led project, delayed for over a year due to a lack of investors, needs approximately $1.3 billion for construction of a demonstration plant and a pilot fuel production plant. Proponents of the PBMR hope that government-owned entities will take a larger share than they have at present; entry of the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA) is another possibility. If the PBMR at Koeburg is successful, Eskom plans to build up to ten PBMR plants to provide power to coastal regions.