KOSEN 한인과학기술자네트워크

>출처도 알려주심 감사하겠습니다 http://www.ceramics.org/aboutus/about_ceramics/ceramics_history.aspx http://www.depauw.edu/acad/art/Faculty/DHerroldWeb/pages/histp1.html Ceramics is one of the most ancient industries on the planet. Once humans discovered that clay could be dug up and formed into objects by first mixing with water and then firing, the industry was born. As early as 24,000 BC, animal and human figurines were made from clay and other materials, than fired in kilns partially dug into the ground. Almost 10,000 years later, as settled communities were established, tiles were manufactured in Mesopotamia and India. The first use of functional pottery vessels for storing water and food is thought to be around 9,000 or 10,000 BC. Clay bricks were also made around the same time. Glass was believed discovered in Egypt around 8,000 BC, when overheating of kilns produced a colored glaze on the pottery. Experts estimate that it was not until 1,500 BC that glass was produced independently of ceramics and fashioned into separate items. Fast forward to the Middle Ages, when the metal industry was in its infancy. Furnaces at that time for melting the metal were constructed of natural materials. When synthetic materials with better resistance to high temperatures (called refractories) were developed in the 16th century, the industrial revolution was born. These refractories created the necessary conditions for melting metals and glass on an industrial scale, as well as for the manufacture of coke, cement, chemicals, and ceramics. Another major development occurred in the second half of the 19th century, when ceramic materials for electrical insulation were developed. As other inventions came on the scene—including automobiles, radios, televisions, computers—ceramic and glass materials were needed to help these become a reality, as shown in the following timeline. Timeline of Selected Ceramic and Glass Developments Year Development 24,000 BC Ceramic figurines used for ceremonial purposes 14,000 BC First tiles made in Mesopotamia and India 9,000-10,000 BC Pottery making begins 5,000-8,000 BC Glazes discovered in Egypt 1,500 BC Glass objects first made 1550 AD Synthetic refractories (temperature resistant) for furnaces used to make steel, glass, ceramics, cement Mid 1800s Porcelain electrical insulation Incandescent light bulb 1920s High-strength quartz-enriched porcelain for insulators Alumina sparkplugs Glass windows for automobiles 1930s 1940s Capacitors and magnetic ferrites 1950s 1960s Alumina insulators for voltages over 220 kV Application of carbides and nitrides 1970s Introduction of high-performance cellular ceramic substrates for catalytic converters and particulate filters for diesel engines 1980s High temperature superconductors All dates are approximate. Not a complete list