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U.S. Space Programs: Civilian, Military, and Commercial 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The 107th Congress is addressing a broad range of civilian, military, and commercial space issues. International cooperation and competition in space are being affected by the world economic situation and the post-Cold War political climate. President Clinton's 1993 decision to merge NASA's space station program with Russia's is symbolic of the dramatic changes, and the risks.

2002-07-25

Military Transformation: Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance 스크랩

  • Judy G. Chizek
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The Department of Defense indicates it has embarked on a huge effort, labeled "transformation," to dramatically shift from a force prepared to fight the Soviet Union to a force suitable for 21st century adversaries, including entities who conduct or are otherwise associated with terrorism. A key component of this transformation is DOD's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capability. This report addresses ISR transformation.

2002-07-24

Space Launch Vehicles: Government Activities, Commercial Competition, and Satellite Exports 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Among issues facing Congress are: the use of foreign launch vehicles for U.S.-built satellites, what else could or should be done to facilitate the U.S. commercial ELV industry, development of future U.S. launch systems and technology, and space shuttle safety. Given current budget constraints, issues relating to the space program and balancing funding between NASA and other national priorities are expected to be difficult to resolve.

2002-07-24

Space Stations 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Congress continues to debate NASA's plan to build a permanently occupied space station. Controversial since its inception in 1984, the space station, called Freedom for many years, was redesigned several times. Since 1993, it has been called International Space Station Alpha, but the Alpha part has been dropped and it is now the International Space Station. Questions about the program include why a space station is needed, why it is needed now, what scientific research can be conducted there, how many jobs are involved, the credibility of NASA's current program plan, and the degree to which it is dependent on Russian participation.

2002-07-24

Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2003 스크랩

  • John Moteff
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The Bush Administration requested $111.8 billion in federal research and development funding for FY2003. This is $8.6 billion above what is available for federal R&D in FY2002. The growth is concentrated in the areas of defense and health. The budget proposed more modest growth in other mission areas and proposed decreases in some agencies' R&D budgets when compared to FY2002 budget authority.

2002-07-24

U.S. National Science Foundation: An Overview 스크랩

  • Christine M. Matthews
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The National Science Foundation (NSF) was created by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (P.L. 81- 507). The NSF has the broad mission of supporting science and engineering in general and funding basic research across many disciplines. The majority of the research supported by the NSF is conducted at U.S. colleges and universities. Approximately 83.1 percent ($2,214.1 million) of NSF's FY2000 $2,698.3 million research and development R&D) budget was awarded to U.S. colleges and universities. The NSF funds approximately 54 percent of all basic research conducted at the nation's colleges and universities, with the exclusion of biomedical research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. In addition, the NSF provides approximately 30 percent of the total federal support for science and mathematics education.

2002-07-24

Broadband Internet Access: Background and Issues 스크랩

  • Lennard G. Kruger and Angele A. Gilroy
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Legislation was introduced in the 106th Congress that sought to accelerate broadband deployment in rural areas by providing loans, grants, or tax credits to entities deploying broadband technologies. Similarly, the Administration sought funds in its FY2001 budget request to provide financial assistance for broadband deployment. While no broadband legislation was enacted in the 106th Congress, similar legislation has been introduced in the 107th Congress.

2002-07-24

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy 스크랩

  • Wendy H. Schacht
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The Clinton-Gore Administration articulated a national technology policy during its first term and continues to follow its guidance. This policy includes both direct and indirect governmental support for private sector activities in research, development, and commercialization of technology. Many of the ideas reflect past congressional initiatives. As the 107th Congress develops its budget priorities, how the government encourages technological progress in the private sector again may be explored and/or redefined.

2002-07-24

Federal Research and Development: Budgeting and Priority-Setting Issues, 107th Congress 스크랩

  • Genevieve J. Knezo
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Federal R&D funding priorities have shifted over time, reflecting Presidential preferences and national priorities. Defense R&D predominated in the 1980s but decreased to about 50 percent or less of total federal R&D in the 1990s, reflecting the Clinton Administration policy. In nondefense R&D, space R&D was dominant in the 1960s; energy R&D joined space as a priority during the 1970s; and since the 1980s, health R&D funding has grown as the cohort of aged population increases and the promise of life sciences and biotechnology affects national expectations.

2002-07-24