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Internet : An Overview of Key Technology Policy Issues Affecting Its Use and Growth 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith, John D. Moteff, Lennard G. Kruger, Glenn J. McLoughlin, and Jeffrey W. Seifert
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The growth of the Internet may be affected by a number of issues being debated by the 107th Congress. This report summarizes several key technology policy issues. 1. Internet Privacy 2. Computer Security 3. Broadband Internet Access 4. Electronic Commerce(e-commerce) 5. Junk E-mail or Spam 6. Internet's Domain Name System 7. E-government

2002-01-31

High Performance Computers and Export Control Policy:Issus for Congress 스크랩

  • Glenn J. McLoughlin, Ian F. Fergusson
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  • 정보/통신

Congress has a strong interest in export control policy and technologies that may have both commercial and military applications outside of the United States. Through its constitutionally delegated authority to regulate foreign commerce, it has the authority to control exports for national security or foreign policy purposes. The 107th Congress is closely examining issues of national export control policy, including reauthorization of the Export Administration Act(EAA), and control policies concerning key technologies. Among these technologies are High Performance Computers-HPCs. HPCs are either single computing machines(usually called supercomputers) or a cluster of easily available, high-end workstations or personal computers. Congressional interest in HPCs has primarily, but not exclusively, been focused on the dual- use applications of HPCs. That is, commercial HPCs that may also be used to simulate nuclear weapon tests, chemical and biological weapons production, and for military command, control, and communications.

2002-01-31

China:Possible Missile Technology Transfers from U.S. Satellite Export Policy-Action and Chronology 스크랩

  • Shirley A. Kan
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  • 기계

Congress has been concerned about whether U.S. firms, in exporting satellites, provided expertise to China for use in its ballistic missile and space programs and whether the Administration's policies might facilitate transfers of military-related technology to China. This CRS Report discusses security concerns, policy changes, congressional action, and a chronology of major developments since 1988.

2002-01-31

The 6th Asia-Pacific Science and Technology Management Seminar 스크랩

  • 강지훈 강지훈
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  • 한국과학기술정보연구원
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The Asia-Pacific Science and Technology (S&T) Management Seminars, originally named "The Asia-Pacific Research and Development (R&D) Management Seminar" in 1995, was initiated with the purpose of improving the management skills of R&D managers and policymakers in the region. Since then the seminars have been heldannually. At the fourth seminar in Kuala Lumpur, it was decided by common consent to broaden thescope of the seminars from R&D Management to also encompass S&T Management, including promotional systems and and policies. THe first seminar was held in Bangkok, Thailand. Since then, seminars have been held annually in various locations: the second was in Singapore, the third in Manila, the Philippines, the fourth in Kuala Lumpru, Malaysia, and the fifth seminar in February, 2000 in Fukuoka, Japan. The sixth seminar, from the 7th to the 9th of November 2000, was held in Hanoi with the cooperation of the Government of Vietnam. It is meaningful that the last seminar in the 20th century took place in one of the youngest and the most vital countries in the Asia-Pacific region. "National Innovation Systems (NIS) - How to Maintain Sustainable Growth of the Asia-Pacific Region -" was the title of the 6th seminar. "NIS" is considered one of the most important and strategic concepts for the Asia-Pacific region, aiming at achieving sustainable economic growth in the 21st century. The region's broad diversity extends, for example, across economic scale and historical, cultural and social background. This fact clearly indicates that one of the key issues is how each country or region may fulfill its complimentary functions in the region in the context of globalization of economies. The expected functions are strongly connected with the National Innovation Systems of each country or region. In the past 5 seminars, we have discussed specific themes such as re-activation of traditional industries, promotion of new businesses and creation of eco-businesses. This 6th seminar was an opportunity for discussing how to construct mutually useful and interactive relations among countries or regions in order to promote innovation for further sustainable development in the Asia Pacific region. Keynote speeches were presented by Professor NIWA (Graduate School of Policy Studies, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies in Japan) titled "Structural Understanding of National Innovation Activities" and Dr. Le Dienh Tien, (National Institute for Science and Technology Policy and Strategy Studies, MOSTE Vietnam) titled "Applying the NIS Approach in Vietnam's Context: Prospective Potential for Vietnam's Sustainable Growth". Following the two keynote speeches, 12 Papers were introduced and discussed in the following three sessions. (1) Systems for Food Industry (2) Systems for Transportation Industry (3) Systems for Housing Industry Six papers focused on Systems for the Housing Industry as there is currently considerable interest in the Housing industry in the Asia-Pacific Region. The sponsor, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JSP) and the organizer, Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC) would like to express their gratitude for the cooperation of the cosponsor, the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment of Vietnam (MOSTE). We also wish to express our sincere appreciation to all the speakers, chairpersons, and participants for their valuable contributions.

2002-01-31

Stem Cells and the Future of Regenerative Medicine 스크랩

  • 강지훈 강지훈
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  • 한국과학기술정보연구원
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이 자료는 보안 문서로 등록이 되어 있습니다. 문서를 열람하시기 원하시는 분은 다음의 사용자 암호를 입력하신 후 사용하시기 바랍니다. 사용자 암호 : www.kosen21.org Stem cell research has the potential to affect the lives of millions of people in the United States and around the world. This research is now regularly front-page news because of the controversy surrounding the derivation of stem cells from human embryos. Realizing the promise of stem cells for yielding new medical therapies will require us to grapple with more than just scientific uncertainties. The stem cell debate has led scientists and nonscientists alike to contemplate profound issues, such as who we are and what makes us human beings. The excitement and controversy surrounding stem cells caused the National Research Council's Board on Life Sciences and the Institute of Medicine's Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health to recommend that the National Academies sponsor a workshop to assess the scientific and therapeutic value of stem cells. The presidents of the National Academies agreed and provided most of the funding that supported the production of this report. The Ellison Foundation provided additional funding. In a collaboration of the two boards, the Committee on the Biological Applications of Stem Cell Research was formed. The persons appointed to serve on the committee have a wealth of expertise in the basic and clinical biomedical sciences but do not themselves perform stem cell research. The latter characteristic was intended to ensure that none of the committee meembers had a vested interest in any form of stem cell research. Expertise represented on the committee includes molecular biology, immunology, cell biology, cardiology, hematology, neurosciences, developmental biology, infectous disease, cancer, and bioethics, all of which are integrally related to stem cell research and its potential for developing tissue-replancement that will restore lost function in damaged organs. At the committee's workshop, held on June 22, 2001, scientists, philosophers, ethicists and legal experts presented their views in two general categories. First, leading scientific investigators addressed the following scientific questions: What are stem cells? What are their sources, and what biological differences exist among cells of different origins? How do these differences translate into advantages or disadvantages or disadvantges for research and medical applications? What is the potential of stem cells for regenerative medicine, and medical applications? What is the potential of stem cells for regenerative medicine, and what obstacles must be overcome to make them useful for new medical therapies? Second, experts in philosophy, law, and ethics presented a variety of ethical and other arguments relevant to public-policy considerations on stem cells. Audio files of the speakers' presentations are available at the workshop web site: www.nationalacademies.org/stemcells. This report presents the committee's findings and recommendations. It is based on careful consideration of information presented at the workshop and on data and opinions found in the scientific and other scholarly literature. The committee is extremely respectful of all perspectives in this debate and has taken them into account in forming its recommendations. I wish to thank all the members of the committee for their valuable contributions and especially for their insights into both the scientific and the societal issues. In particular, Corey Goodman, chair of the Board on Life Sciences, was responsible for for much of the initial impetus for the workshop. I also wish to acknowledge the staff of the National Research Council (Robin Schoen, Bridget Avila, and Fran Sharples) and the Institute of Medicine (Janet Joy and Terry Pellmar) for their through, thoughtful, and efficient assistance with all aspects of the workshop and report preparation. This report would have been impossible without them.

2002-01-30

INFORMATION SECURITY : Weaknesses Place Commerce Data and Operations at Serious Risk 스크랩

  • 강지훈 강지훈
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  • 한국과학기술정보연구원
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

ㅇ Background - Federal systems are at risk - Commerce missions are diverse - Commerce's IT infrastructure is decentralized - Improvements to information security have been initiated - Logicol access controls were inadequate - System access controls were weak · User ID and password management controls were not effective · Control of system administration functions was not adequate · Access to critical systmes and sensitive data files was not adequately restricted - Operating systems were ineffectively secured · Excessive system information was exposed · Operating systems were poorly configured · Systmes had unncessary and poorly configured functions - Network security was ineffective ㅇ Other information system controls were not adequate - Computer duties were not properly segregated - Software changes were not adequately controlled - Service continuity planning was incomplete ㅇ Poor incident detection and response capabilities further impair security - Incident handling mechanisms have not been established or implemented - Incidents could be prevented - Incident detection capabilities have not been implemented - Incident response procedures have not been established - Bureaus have not been reporting incidents ㅇ Commerce does not have an effective information security management program - Centralized management is weak - Risks are not assessed - Security plans are not prepared - Systems are not authorized ㅇ Needed policies have not been established - Security awareness and training are not adequately promoted - Policies and controls are not monitored

2002-01-30

ENGINEERING IN THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES 2000 스크랩

  • 강지훈 강지훈
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  • 한국과학기술정보연구원
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Engineering activities in the National Academies can be arranged under six broad categories: - Education, Engineering Practice, and the Engineering Workforce - Engineering, the Environment - Engineering, the Economy, and Society - Information Technology and Society - National Security and Crime Prevention - Public Policy and Program Reviews - Transportation Research Board Series The published reports and proceedings add to a growing bydy of knowledge on engineering and technology practice and policy. THis booklet describes engineering-related publications produced by the National Academies in 2000

2002-01-29

리튬 2차전지의 기술 현황과 전망 스크랩

1. 자료명: Issues and Chanllenges Facing Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 2. 저자: J.-M. Tarascon and M. Armand 3. 출판사: Nature 4. 출판날짜: 2001년 11월 5. 내용소개: 휴대용 전자제품의 폭발적 수요증가와 함께 전원장치로서 고성능 2차전지의 수요 또한 급속히 증가하고 있다. 이 자료는 2001년 11월 15일자 네이쳐 지의 특집기사로, 재료공학이 리튬 2차전지의 기술개발에 어떻게 기여하고 있는가를 리뷰논문 형식으로 보고하고 있다. 이 논문의 저자인 Tarascon과 Armand는 리튬전지 분야의 대표적인 선도 과학자들이다. 리튬전지 기술개발의 역사, 현황, 전략과 전망을 논의하고 있어 국내외의 리튬전지 관계자들에게 유용한 참고자료가 될 것으로 기대된다. 6. 목차: A. Introduction B. Historical Developments in Li-Battery Research C. Present Status and Remaining Challenges - Materials for Positive Electrodes - Materials for Negative Electrodes - Polymer and Liquid Electrolytes D. The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface E. Conclusion 분석자 서문 : 휴대용 전자제품의 폭발적 수요 증가와 함께 그 전원장치로서 고성능 충전지의 수요 또한 급속히 증가하고 있다. 리튬 2차전지는 현재 휴대용 오락, 통신, 컴퓨터 제품 등에 가장 많이 사용되는 충전지이다. 이 자료는 네이처(Nature)지 특집기사로서, 리튬 2차전지 기술과 관련된 재료과학의 제 문제를 전극, 전해질, 전극-전해질 계면으로 나누어 리뷰논문 형식으로 보고하고 있다. 논문의 저자인 Tarascon과 Armand는 리튬전지 분야의 대표적인 선도 과학자들로서 전지기술의 각 분야를 재료과학적 측면에서 균형 있게 다루고 있다. 리튬전지 기술개발의 역사, 현황, 전략과 전망을 논의 고 있어 관심있는 분들에게 유용한 참고자료가 될 것으로 기대된다. 이 자료의 분석은 Oak Ridge National Laboratory에 계시는 장영일박사님께서 수고해 주셨습니다. 궁금하신 점은 박사님께 문의하시기 바랍니다. e-mail : yijang99@yahoo.com 첨부 .Rechargeable Lithium Batteries - Jang youngil.pdf 원문은 관련 URL을 보시기 바랍니다

2002-01-29

National Science Foundation : Status of Achieving Key Outcomes and Addressing Major Management Challenges 스크랩

  • 강지훈 강지훈
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  • 한국과학기술정보연구원
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

NSF repoated that it made substantial progress in achieving its key outcomes. While the planned strategies for achieving these key outcomes generally are clear and resonable, some are vague and do not identify the specific steps for achieving the goals. Specifically: - Planned outcmoe : NSF's research funding awards lead to discoveries at and across the frontier of science and engineering. - Planned outcome : NSF efficiently and effectively administers research grants

2002-01-29

미국내 유해 대기오염물질 규제동향 스크랩

  • 김상헌 김상헌
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  • 한국과학기술연구원
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  • 지구과학(지구/대기/해양/천문)

1. 자료명: Taking Toxics Out of the Air (한글: 대기중 독성물질의 규제) EPA-452/k-00-002 2. 저자: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3. 출판사: Office of Air Quality, Planning & Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 4. 출판날짜: August 2000 Page 809-847 5. 내용소개: 독성 물질(air toxics)은 암과 같이 인체의 건강에 주요한 문제를 일으키는 물질이다. 매년 이 같은 물질은 수 백만톤씩 대기로 방출되며, 대부분 민간활동에 의한 것이다. 이 리뷰에서는 현재까지 독성물질로 정의된 것이 어떤 것이 있으며 어디에서 생성되고 인간과 환경에 각각 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알기 쉽게 체계적으로 기술하고 있다. 그리고 미국 연방차원의 환경기준과 정책을 제시하는 미 연방환경국(USEPA)에서 추진하고 있는 독성물질의 저감정책을 -특히 화학 정유공장 같은 대규모 배출기관을 중심으로- 소개하고 있다. 그리고 규제기준을 수립할 때 중요한 기술적 척도인 "최대 가능 저감기술"(MACT)의 개념을 소개하고 있다. 또한 산업의 제 분야별로 세분하여 각 분야별로 추가로 적용되는 독성물질과 그에 대한 규제기준도 부록으로 자세히 다루고 있다. 6. 목차: 1) 독성물질의 정의 2) 독성물질의 발생원 및 이동 3) 인간의 노출 및 건강에 미치는 영향 4) 환경에 미치는 영향 5) EPA 규제 및 전망 6) 각 제 분야별 규제사항 요약문(분석자 서문) : 미국 정부는 현재 미국내 주요 식수원으로 관리되고 있는 5대호, 동부지역의 Champlain호수 및 생태학적, 경제적 목적으로 보전될 필요가 있는 Chesapeake만과 연구, 교육적 목적으로 지정된 주요 하구들에 대한 기존의 관리 및 보전대책에 대하여 필요하다면 법적 제도적 보완을 통해 대기침착의 영향을 줄이고자 노력하고 있다. 이러한 배경 하에 1990년 11월 15일 미의회는 기존의 대기청정법을 개정, EPA로 하여금 NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)와 협력하여 매 3년마다 미국 내의 수체에 대해 15종류의 대기오염물질 침착(deposition) 현상과 관련된 내용에 대해 연구하여 의회에 보고하도록 하는 조항(Section 112(m))을 신설하였다. 이러한 15 종류의 대상 오염물질은 부유분진, 황산화물, 질소산화물, 일산화탄소 및 오존등과 같은 환경기준 규제대상물질(criteria pollutants)이 아닌 대기중 저농도물질로서, 독성, 발암성, 지속성, 생체축적 등의 특성을 가진 미량 유해대기오염물질이며 ‘비기준 대기오염물질(non-criteria pollutants)’로 분류된다. 우리나라도 산업이 고도화됨에 따라 오염원 및 오염물질의 종류도 선진화되었고, 자동차의 수요급증으로 VOC와 디젤입자상물질 등 유해 대기오염물질이 다량 배출되고 있다. 기존의 규제대상물질은 지속적인 노력으로 상당한 수준의 대기오염물질 감소를 달성하였으나, 미량 유해 대기오염물질에 대한 대기정책이 수립되어야 한다. 실제로 규제대상물질의 수치상 대기질은 많이 개선되었으나, 체감 대기질은 여전히 만족스럽지 못한 것은 미량 유해 대기오염물질에 대한 규제가 미흡한 결과라 할 수 있다. 현재 미량 유해 대기오염물질에 대한 환경기준 및 배출허용기준의 설정에 필요한 위해성 평가의 관련자료나 객관적인 과학적 정보의 부족으로 효과적인 관리가 어려운 실정이다. 그러나 최근 대기중 미량/극미량으로 존재하는 오염물질을 측정, 분석하는 기술의 발달로 보다 종합적이고, 체계적으로 오염물질을 규제하려는 세계적인 변화 추세로 그 관심이 더해 가고 있다. 유해 대기오염물질이란 암을 유발하거나 기타 인체보건에 중대한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 대기오염물질을 지칭하는 것으로, 매년 인위적 오염원에서 수백만톤의 대기독성물질이 배출되고 있다. 이 보고서에서는 유해 대기오염물질의 정의와 배출원, 환경과 인간 및 생물체에 미치는 영향에 대하여 서술하고 있으며, 대기청정법에 따른 최대성취가능제어기술 기준으로 유해 대기오염물질의 저감 대책 및 그 과정을 1990년 이전과 이후로 나누어 소개하고 있다. 이 자료의 분석은 베를린공대 Institute of Technical Environmental Protection에 계시는 김상헌님께서 수고해 주셨습니다. 궁금하신 점은 김상헌님께 문의하시기 바랍니다. e-mail : kimscmgh@sp.zrz.tu-berlin.de 첨부 .Taking Toxics out of the Air - Kim sangheon.pdf 원문은 관련 URL을 보시기 바랍니다

2002-01-28