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Progress of Science and Technology in China 스크랩

  • Fang Xin
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

I. Present Situation 1. The S&T System : Organizational Structure and System Reform 2. S&T Resources 3. S&T Output 4. Strategies for S&T Development II. Impact of the Asian Eoconomic Crisis on China' S&T III. Adjustment of S&T Policy---Reconstruction of the National Innovation System 1. Perfecting Market Mechanism and Reorganizing Enterprises 2. Increasing R&D Investment 3. Reforming Education System 4. Deepening Reform of S&T System 5. Enhancing International S&T Cooperation

2000-07-13

RTD info - 20 November 98 스크랩

  • 김보영 김보영
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  • 무소속
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

EUROPEAN COMMISSION에서 나오는 자료. RTD는 유럽 연합의 지원을 받는 연국·기술개발과 관련한 뉴스래터(NEWS LETTER)이다. 사건과 회의, 제안서, 출판물과 같은 실질적 정보 뿐만 아니라, 연구 정책, 프로젝트 결과와 같은 공동 연구 일면도 보여준다. RTD Info는 공동연구 프로그램에서의 지금, 그리고 잠재적인 협동과, 산업과 시장, 학생들, 유럽연합의 연구에 관심있는 사람들이 이용한다. 계간으로 발간되며, 영어, 독어, 프랑스에서 이용가능하다. 수록 내용은 다음과 같다. - The laboratory backroom boys - Repositioning for growth - European standards of diversity - The increasd search for standards - Children on board, safety first - After Kyoto - When life's waste changes life itself - A new deal for European research - News in brief - Strengths and weaknesss of European S&T - Who's afraid of telework? - The virtual world of electronic commerce - From advanced physics to heavy industry - Functional foods fight fat - European safeguards for bioethics - On course for in vivo imaging of gene expression - Where do low wages lead? - Science and the News

2000-07-13

Clicks and Mortar : the new store front 스크랩

This report provides no scare stories of a deserted high street. rather its message are positive: .Personal e-commerce will grow in the UK; .it will develop in a unique pattern, and not follow the US computer-based approach; .new platform are already coming on stream that can provide a great filip to the e-commerce market; .the successful implementation of current government initiatives could widen e-commerce across all social groups. These and other potential development are drawn out in four possible scenarios that we have developed, depicting explosive,dynamic, active or sluggish growth. these scenarios are not predictions of the future but pictures of possible futures based on a wide range of available forecast on the growth of e-commerce. Contents 4.Executive Summary 8.What is e-commerce 10.Research 12.E-commerce and Information and communications technology 14.Implications for the retail industry 16.Consumer profiles 26.Barriers to e-commerce - facts or fiction? 30.E-commerce within product sectors 32.Explosive or Sluggish? The scenarios 38.What do the scenarios tell us? 46.Update and ICT snapshot 48.The national foresight programme 49.Appendices Questionnaire

2000-07-13

The Global Positioning System - Assessing National Policies 스크랩

  • Scott Pace, Gerald Frost, Irving Lachow, David Frelinger, Donna Fossum, Donald K. Wassem
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

이 자료는 보안 문서로 등록이 되어 있습니다. 문서를 열람하시기 원하시는 분은 다음의 사용자 암호를 입력하신 후 사용하시기 바랍니다. 사용자 암호 : www.kosen21.org The Global Positioning System(GPS) is a constellation of orbiting satellites operated by the U.S. Department of Defense to provide navigation, position-location, and precision timing services to users worldwide. GPS applications have grown beyond their defense and transportation origins and are becoming crucial to a broad range of information industries. The evolution of GPS from a primarily military ot a commercial and international resource has raised important policy questions about its regulation, control, protection, and funding. This report describes the findings of a one-year GPS policy study conducted by the RAND Critical Technologies Institute for the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy(OSTP) and the National Science and Technology Council(NSTC). The goal of this research has been to assist OSTP and NSTC in assessing alternative national objectives, opportunities, and vulnerabilities in the exploitation of GPS as a national resource. The authors have taken a broad, top-level view toward GPS policy issues that should make this report of interest to a wide audience, including the increasingly large numbers of people who will be affected by GPS technologies in coming years. Policymakers concerned with balancing national security, foreign policym and economic interests in emerging technologies may find GPS a particularly relevant example of the issues raised by dual-use(i.e., civil and military) technologies.

2000-07-12

CRS Issue Brief - U.S. Space Programs: Civilian, Military, and Commercial 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The 106th Congress is addressing a broad range of civilian, military, and commercial space issues. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA) conducts the most visible space activities. Funding constrains have forced difficult trade-offs among the myriad activities NASA supports over the past few years. Critics contend that the space station program prevents NASA from engaging in other high-priority space projects. The space station has survived 21 termination attempts in NASa funding bills since 1991. NASA's total budget began to stabilize in FY1998 after several years of decline. For FY2000, Congress ultimately gave NASA $75 million more than its $13.58 billion request, but the House had earlier cut NASA's request by $930 million, raising fears about the future of the agency. Other NASA issues are ensuring safe operation of the space shuttle, cost overruns and schedule delays in the space station program, developing a replacement for the space shuttle, and facilitating space commercialization. The Department of Defense(DOD) has a less visible but equally substantial space program. Tracking the DOD space budget is extremely difficult since space is not identified as a separate line item in the budget. DOD sometimes releases only partial information(omitting funding for classified programs) or will suddenly release without explanation new figures for prior years that are quite different from what was previously reported. However, in July 1999, OMB reported that DOD's total space budget was $12.359 billion for FY1998 and $13.207 billion for FY1999. For FY2000, $13.026 billion was requested; final appropriations figures are not yet available. Civilian and military satellites provide data useful for invironmental objectives. NASA's Earth Observing System has been controversial for several years becuse of its cost and other issues. A probe proposed by Vice President Gore called Triana to transmit image of the Earth to the Internet is the current focus of controversy, however. Proponents insist that it will provide important scientific data. Critics argue that it was not subjected to proper peer review. The appropriate role of the government in facilitating commercial space businesses is an ongoing debate. For many years, the focus has been on commercial space launch services, but remote sensing satellites also pose complex questions. Soace launch vegicles are similar to ballistic missiles and concerns exist about the potential transfer of certain space technologies to countries intending to build missiles as well. U.S. linkage between space cooperation and adherence to the Missile Technology Control Regime was a significant factor in reaching agreement on cooperative and commercial space activities with Russia, and creates a complex relationship with China. International cooperation and competition in space are being affected by the world economic situation and the post-Cold War political climate. President Clinton's decision to mergy NASA's space station program with Russia's is symbolic of the dramatic changes, and the risks.

2000-07-12

CRS Issue Brief - Space Stations 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
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Congress continues to debate NASA's program to build a permanently occupied space station in earth orbit where astronauts will live and conduct research. NASA expects that research performed in the near-zero gravity environment of the space station will result in new discoveries in life sciences, biomedicine, and materials sciences. The program is currently called the International Space Station(ISS). Controversial since the program began in 1984, the space station has been repeatedly redesigned and rescheduled. Congress appropriated about $23 billion for the program from FY1985-1999. For FY2000, NASA requsted $2.483billion; Congress approved $2.33 billion. Canada, Japan, and several European countries became partners in 1988; Russia joined in 1993. Brazil also is participating, but not as a partner. Except for money the United States is pating Russia, there is no exchange of funds among the partners. Europe, Canada, and Japan collectively expect to spend $9 billion of their own money. President Clinton's 1993 decision to bring Russia into the program was a dramatic change. Russia is now operating its 7th space station, Mir. Under the 1993 agreement, Phase I of U.S./Russian space station cooperation involved flights of Russians on the U.S. space shuttle and Americans on Mir. Phases II and III will see the construction of ISS as a multinational facility. The space station is being assembled in Earth orbit. Forty-six launches are needed to take the various segments into orbit. The first two took place at the end of 1998, a 1-year delay from the original schadule. NASA expects completion of assembly sometime in 2004-2005. NASA originally said it would operate the station for 10 years-from 2002 to 2012, but later said it would guarantee operations only until June 2012, regardless of when assembly is completed. In 1993, NASA said the space station would cost %17.4 billion and would be built for no more than $2.1 billion per year. Both figures became known as "caps", though they were not set in law. The estimate did not include launch costs, costs for a special space shuttle fuel tank, costs prior to FY1994, $400 million in payments to Russia, or operational costs. NASA exceeded the $2.1 billion cap in FY1998, and says the $17.4 billion estimate has grown to $23.4-$26 billion. GAO's lifecycle cost estimate is $95.6 billion. NASA estimates the space station workforce at 12,263 for FY1999(civil service and contractor direct emplyoees). Congress has supported the space station, but concerns exist. Questions include why a space station is needed, why it is needed now, what scientific research can be conducted, how much it will cost, the degree to which it is dependent on Russia participation, and whether Russia can fulfill those commitments. Twenty-one attempts to terminate the space station in NASA funding bills have been defeated (2 in the 106th Congress, 4 in the 105th Congress, 5 in the 104th, 5 in the 103rd, and 5 in the 102nd). Three other attempts in broader legislation in the 103rd Congress also failed

2000-07-12

CRS Report for Congress - NASA's Triana Spacecraft: An Overview of Congressional Issues 스크랩

  • Erin C. Hatch
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The Earth-viewing Triana spacecraft was originally proposed by Vice President Gore to NASA's Administrator Daniel Goldin in March 1998. The proposed mission would transmit a continuous Sun-lit full-disk image of the Earth that could be viewed on the Internet, and thereby assist in environmental awareness and science education. NASA expanded the project to include a complex scientific research agenda, and is also seeking additional educational and commercial applications. Congressional opponents argue that the spacecraft has its origins in politics, and that lack of initial peer review makes it an inappropriate expenditure by NASA. Supporters for the mission within NASA and Congress argue that Triana's scientific objectives have undergone peer review, and that the mission has a credible scientiic and educational basis. Though attempts were made during both the 105th and 106th Congresses to terminate the project, Triana's funding has survived. However, the conference report accompanying the FY2000 VA-HUD appropriations act(H.R. 2684), which includes NASA funding directs NASA to suspend all work on the mission until the National Academy of Sciences(NAS) completes an evaluation of the scientific goals of the mission. The NASA plans to issue this report by the end of January 2000. Hoever, even if the NAS issues a report in favor of Triana, NASA is prohibited from launching Triana prior to January 1, 2001. This report will be updated as events warrant.

2000-07-12