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Cooperative R&D: Federal Efforts to promote Industrial Competitiveness 스크랩

  • Wendy H.SChacht
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

In response to the foreign challenge in the global marketplace, the United States Congress has explored ways to stimulate technological advancement in the private sector. To increase the competitiveness of American industry and to encourage the generation of new products, processes, and services, the government has supported various efforts to promote cooperative research and development activities among industry, universities, and the federal R&D establishment. The issues before Congress are whether joint ventures contribute to industrial competitiveness and what role, if any, the government has in facilitating such arrangements.

2002-03-25

Technology Transfer: Use of Federally Funded Research and Development 스크랩

  • Wendy H. Schacht
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Congress has established a system to facilitate the transfer of technology to the private sector and to state and local governments. Despite this, use of federal R&D results has remained meager although there has been an increase in private sector interest and activities. Critics argue that working with the agencies and laboratories continues to be difficult and time- consuming. Proponents assert that while the laboratories are open to interested parties, industry is making little effort to use them. The Administration has made expanded use of federal laboratories and industry-government cooperation integral parts of its technology policy. At issue is whether additional legislation is necessary to encourage increased technology transfer or if the responsibility now rests with the private sector to use the available re sources.

2002-03-25

Space Stations 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Congress continues to debate NASA's plan to build a permanently occupied space station. Controversial since its inception in 1984, the space station, called Freedom for many years, was redesigned several times. Since 1993, it has been called International Space Station Alpha, but the Alpha part has been dropped and it is now the International Space Station. Questions about the program include why a space station is needed, why it is needed now, what scientific research can be conducted there, how many jobs are involved, the credibility of NASA's current program plan, and the degree to which it is dependent on Russian participation.

2002-03-25

Federal Research and Development: Budgeting and Priority-Setting Issues, 107th Congress 스크랩

  • Genevieve J. Knezo
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Federal R&D funding priorities have shifted over time, reflecting Presidential preferences and national priorities. Defense R&D predominated in the 1980s but decreased to about 50 percent or less of total federal R&D in the 1990s, reflecting the Clinton Administration policy. In nondefense R&D, space R&D was dominant in the 1960s; energy R&D joined space as a priority during the 1970s; and since the 1980s, health R&D funding has grown as the cohort of aged population increases and the promise of life sciences and biotechnology affects national expectations.

2002-03-25

Space Stations 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Congress continues to debate NASA's plan to build a permanently occupied space station. Controversial since its inception in 1984, the space station, called Freedom for many years, was redesigned several times. Since 1993, it has been called International Space Station Alpha, but the Alpha part has been dropped and it is now the International Space Station. Questions about the program include why a space station is needed, why it is needed now, what scientific research can be conducted there, how many jobs are involved, the credibility of NASA's current program plan, and the degree to which it is dependent on Russian participation.

2002-03-25

Internet Banking: Changing Expectations and Regulations 스크랩

  • Walter W. Eubanks
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Despite the surge in customers signing up for Internet banking in the aftermath of the 911 attacks on New York and Washington and the anthrax scare that followed, Internet banking is not growing as fast as expected before or after the attacks. A main reason is consumer confidence in and familiarity with the paper- based payment methods of cash and checks. Many smaller banking institutions viewed the prospect of Internet banking as providing opportunities to expand their services beyond their brick and mortar establishments and compete with larger banks. But the fixed cost of establishing transaction Internet sites is having a greater impact on the bottom lines of smaller banks. To overcome this problem, Internet bankers might be waiting until they have a critical mass of users before imposing or raising the user fees on this channel to banking services, as they did with automated teller machines (ATMs).

2002-03-25

Federal Aid to Libraries: The Library Services and Technology Act 스크랩

  • Gail McCallion
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA), which consolidated and replaced the former Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) and other federal library assistance legislation, was enacted in 1996. The LSTA's authorization expires at the end of FY2002; it is funded at $197,602,000 for FY2002. The Bush Administration has requested funding of $181,720,000 for the LSTA in FY2003. H.R. 3784, introduced on February 26, 2002, would reauthorize the LSTA in the Museum and Library Services Act of 2002. The Subcommittee on Select Education conducted a mark-up, and ordered H.R. 2784 favorable reported to the full Committee on Education and the Workforce, on March 6, 2002.

2002-03-25

Space Launch Vehicles: Government Activities, Commercial Competition, and Satellite Exports 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Among issues facing Congress are: the use of foreign launch vehicles for U.S.-built satellites, what else could or should be done to facilitate the U.S. commercial ELV industry, development of future U.S. launch systems and technology, and space shuttle safety. Given current budget constraints, issues relating to the space program and balancing funding between NASA and other national priorities are expected to be difficult to resolve.

2002-03-25

Military Space Programs: Issues Concerning DOD's Space-Based InfraRed System (SBIRS) 스크랩

  • Marcia S. Smith
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The Department of Defense is developing the Space-Based InfraRed System (SBIRS) to replace existing early warning satellites that alert U.S. military commanders to foreign missile launches, and to provide new capabilities to support missile defense objectives. SBIRS consists of two separate, but related, programs. SBIRS-High and SBIRS-Low. SBIRS-High, managed by the Air Force, would replace existing Defense Support Program early warning satellites. SBIRS-Low, managed by the Missile Defense Agency, would perform mid-course missile tracking, target discrimination, and other tasks associated with missile defense. Bothe systems have encountered technical challenges, affecting cost and schedule, and hence are controversial. Congress reduced funding for both programs in FY2002. DOD requested a significant increase for SBIRS-High in its FY2003 budget; plans for SBIRS- Low have not been released yet.

2002-03-25

Intelligent Transportation Systems for Highways and Transit: Status, Federal Role, and Options for Reauthorization 스크랩

  • Paul F. Rothberg
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The first part of this report summarizes the current status, benefits, and challenges associated with intelligent transportation systems (ITS), and then considers the scope and nature of DOT's role in advancing these systems. The second part focuses on reauthorization matters. Three interrelated topics are discussed: What options are under discussion regarding the future federal role of ITS? What are some of the goals that might be pursued in a reauthorization proposal regarding ITS? What are factors or trends that may influence decisions regarding the future federal role in ITS research and deployment?

2002-03-25