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Cyberwarfare 스크랩

  • Steven A. Hildreth
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

This report examines broad cyberwarfare issues and raises underlying questions. It summarizes some cases that illustrate real-world concerns many have with respect to cyberwarfare. It discusses the current U.S. policy and organizational approaches to cyberwarfare. It examines foreign perspectives, the issue of cyberterrorism, and some reported instances of cyberwarfare. An appendix on terms and definitions is included. The focus is on cyberwarfare activities sponsored by nation-states, but includes cyberterrorism that is aimed at achieving political objectives at the national level.

2001-07-27

U.S. National Science Foundation: An Overview 스크랩

  • Christine M. Matthews
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The National Science Foundation (NSF) was created by the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended (P.L. 81-507). The NSF has the broad mission of supporting science and engineering in general and funding basic research across many disciplines. The majority of the research supported by the NSF is conducted at U.S. colleges and universities. Approximately 83.1 percent ($2,214.1 million) of NSF's FY2000 $2,698.3 million research and development R&D) budget was awarded to U.S. colleges and universities. The NSF funds approximately 54 percent of all basic research conducted at the nation's colleges and universities, with the exclusion of biomedical research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. In addition, the NSF provides approximately 30 percent of the total federal support for science and mathematics education.

2001-07-27

V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft 스크랩

  • Christopher Bolkcom
  • |
  • 기계

Congress has supported the V-22 as a new technology with multi-service military applications as well as civilian uses, since derivatives of this tilt-rotor aircraft could be used in civil aviation with commercial and foreign sales implications. Proponents argue that it can replace aging helicopters in all four services with a multi-purpose aircraft that has more capability. Critics question its military value and affordability at a time of reduced defense spending and argue that its performance would not be worth the cost of developing and producing this tilt-rotor aircraft.

2001-07-27

Magnetic Fusion : The DOE Fusion Energy Sciences Program 스크랩

  • Richard E. Rowberg
  • |

For more than 40 years, the U.S. has been trying to harness the energy source of the hydrogen bomb to produce electricity. Controlling fusion, the nuclear reaction that powers the sun, requires confining and heating deuterium and tritium nuclei to the point where they will collide producing nuclear energy in a sustained, regulated way. One path to this goal, called magnetic fusion energy, is to use very strong magnetic fields to confine a deuterium and tritium plasma while heating it to fusion temperatures.

2001-07-27

Cooperative R&D: Federal Efforts To Promote Industrial Competitiveness 스크랩

  • Wendy H. Schacht
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

In response to the foreign challenge in the global marketplace, the United States Congress has explored ways to stimulate technological advancement in the private sector. To increase the competitiveness of American industry and to encourage the generation of new products, processes, and services, the government has supported various efforts to promote cooperative research and development activities among industry, universities, and the federal R&D establishment. The issues before Congress are whether joint ventures contribute to industrial competitiveness and what role, if any, the government has in facilitating such arrangements.

2001-07-27

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy 스크랩

  • Wendy H. Schacht
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

The Clinton-Gore Administration articulated a national technology policy during its first term and continues to follow its guidance. This policy includes both direct and indirect governmental support for private sector activities in research, development, and commercialization of technology. Many of the ideas reflect past congressional initiatives. As the 107th Congress develops its budget priorities, how the government encourages technological progress in the private sector again may be explored and/or redefined.

2001-07-27

Small Business Innovation Research Program 스크랩

  • Wendy H. Schacht
  • |
  • 과학기술과 인문사회

In 1982, the Small Business Innovation Development Act (P.L. 97-219) established Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) programs within the major federal research and development (R&D) agencies to increase government funding of work with commercialization potential in the small, high technology company sector. Each federal department with an R&D budget of $100 million or more is required to set aside part of this amount to finance the SBIR effort. From its initial funding in FY1983 through FY1994, 32,971 projects have been funded for a total of approximately $4.7 billion. The original program has been extended several times and is now scheduled to sunset on September 30, 2008.

2001-07-27