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Technologies and Designs for Electronic Nanocomputers 스크랩

  • Michael S. Montemerlo외
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  • 정보/통신

This paper reviews research developments aimed at the design of electronic computers that contain components with dimensions of only a few nanometers. A nanometer, one billionth of meter, is only about 10 atomic diameters. such nanometerscale electronic computers-i.e., elelctronic "nanocomputers"-that contain molicular-scale components are likely to be up to technologies(e.g., mechanical, chemical, quantum) that have been proposed for implementing a nanocomputer. Electronic technology for nanaometer-scale computers has the advantage, though, that it builds upon nearly a nalf century of experience and infrastructure developed for electornic computing. Electronic nanocomputers could be orders of magnitude faster than current electornic computers, as well as many times smaller or more densely integrated. Although some of the operating principles for electronic nanocomputers could be similar to present-day, there is a limit to how far the desings and fabrication technologies for preseint-day microcomputers can e scaled down. This has led some investigators to propose radically different "wireless"designs, quantum cellular automata, and nanometer-scale neural networks, all to be consturcted from nanoscopic quantum-effect devices. These devices anddesigns take advantage of some of the very effects that have been obstacles to making smaller conventional transistors and circutis. Still other investigators have proposed the "self-assembly" of electronic devices with nanometer-scale components in order to circumvents some of thedifficulties that have inhibited the fabrication of sub-micron structures using conventional lithographic techniques. This review examines critically a range of suc htechnologies and desings for electronic nanocomputers. It describes and compares the operating principles, advantagesm disadvantagesm and status of the new technologies and designs that promis to continue the miniaturization of the electornic computer down to the scale of a few tens of nanometers and, ultimately, to the molecular scale. This information is presented in non-mathematical terms internted for a general, technically interested readership

1999-12-23

National Medal of Technology 스크랩

  • 김보영 김보영
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  • 무소속
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

미국의 과학기술메달 관련 자료 The National Medal of Technology is the highest honor of technological innovation awarded by the President of the United States of America. The Awards program is administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce's Office of Technology Policy. - 2000 National Medal of Technology Instructions and Criteria for the Company/Division Nomination Application form - National Medal of Technology 1985-1998 Recipients

1999-12-23

MATTER AS SOFTWARE (1997 Software Engineering & Economics Conference) 스크랩

  • James C. Ellenbogen, Ph.D.
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  • 정보/통신

Nanotechnology 연구관계자료 Presneted at the Software Engineering & Economics Conference, McLean, VA 2-3, April 1997. In the next century, as the components of computers continue to shrink smaller and smaller, down to the molecular scale, their physical representation will become more and more like that of present-day computer data. It is explained in some detail how this ongoing processof miniaturization is likely to lead to a technology in which matter will be possible to "read" and to "write "functioning computer components and logic structures at will; they will be manufacured locally, on demand, in a manner similar to the way we now "download" software onto disk drives. In addition, microscopic and submicroscopic mutable computer logic structures will be built into motile microscopic units of matter, putting the macroscopic properties, form, and function of matter itself under program control. Thus, in the next century, the technology developed for building dramatically smaller computational engines will evolve to have even broader technological and economic impacts than have been felt during the last half century of the digital computer revolution.

1999-12-23

Rural Development From Vision to Action 스크랩

  • McCalla,Alex F.
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

이 자료는 보안 문서로 등록이 되어 있습니다. 문서를 열람하시기 원하시는 분은 다음의 사용자 암호를 입력하신 후 사용하시기 바랍니다. 사용자 암호 : www.kosen21.org ISBN 0-8213-3966-4 Environmental and Socialay Sustainable Development Studies and Monographs Series 12 This Strategy was prepared with the acctive participation of rural deveolopment and agriculture staff form all parts of the World Bank Group. Tha Board of Executive Directors of the Bank Group endorsed the strategy in the spring of 1997. -Contents- Acknowledgments Foreword Abbreviations and Acronyms Executive Summary Chapter 1 The Context Chapter 2 If Rural Development Is So Important, Why Is Not Happening? Chapter 3 Formulating Country Strategies and Building Consensus Chapter 4 Improving the Existing Portfolio Chapter 5 Using the International Arena to Generate Greater Commitment Chapter 6 Areas of Concentration and Future Directions Appendices A Focus Programs by Region B Regional Summaries C The International Finance Corporation's Vision for Agribusiness D The Role of the Economic Development Institute's Training Strategy in Agriculture and Natural Resources Biography

1999-12-23

生物物理化學(Japanese journal of Electrophoresis) (Vol.43, No.2) 스크랩

  • 김은정 김은정
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  • 충남대학교
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  • 전기/전자

Contents Review article : Regulation of the human stress-responsive MAP kinase signaling pathways Instructive lectures : Construction of NotI estriction maps of human chromosome 21q and 11q and its application to cancer research studies on mechanism of tumor matastasis with special attention to matrix proteinases and cell adhesion proteins - Functions of matrilysin, trypsin and laminin-5 Symposium : Serum protein fractionation by capillary electrophoresis and its clinical application On-line capillary electrophoresis-Mass spectrometry Mass spectrometric analysis of variant and post-translational modified proteins in body fluids High-performance genome/proteome analysis by integration of CE and MS on a chip Isolation of novel genes within the amplified regions in tumors detected by comparative genomic hybridization(CGH) Genomic instability due to telomere insufficiencies Development of a yeast assay for screening of genetic mutations Target gene analysis in human malignancies with microsatellite instability Full papers : Role of haptoglobin on heme-liberating or linking in the hemoglobin molecule Analysis of AGE proteins in peritoneal dialysate

1999-12-23

INSTITUTIONS AND THE AFRICAN FARMER : ISSUES IN AGRICULTURE 14 스크랩

  • Carl K. Eicher
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  • 과학기술과 인문사회

Getting African agricultural moving is the most complex and demanding task facing policymakers, agricultural scientists, and donors over the coming 25years. This publication, based on the text of a presentation given at the CIMMYT Economics Program's third Distinguished Economist lecture, examines Africa's empty harvest in historical perspective and analyzes the failure of agricultural institutions imported form other continents(e.g.. T&V extension and the land grant university model). The author argues that there is an urgent need for African agricultualists to experiment with different agricultral institutions and to craft national "agricultural knowledge triangles"hat include research, extension, and agricultural higher edecation. Africa's universitues are the weak link in the agricultural knowledge triangle. The lecture then analyzes the reasons underlying the erosion in the capacity of Africa's faculties of agriculture to offer high quality graduate training in agriculture. Taking the long view puzzles hat require debate and further study:creating a good institutional environment; crafting agricultural knowlege triangles ; the case for long-term scientific assistance; the expanded aid agenda; changing roles of public adn private institutions and NGOs ; institution building versus marginalist approaches ; strategic issues in improving the quality of graduate education; and 'whither the CGIAR'

1999-12-22