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  • From Prediction of Structure to Design of Function
    • - Baker, David.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Structural Biology Interest Group. (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Structural Biology
    The SBIG is a clearinghouse for discussions and interactions between scientists interested in all aspects of molecular structure, from experimental determination by x-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and NMR, to theoretical and computational biology and biophysics, and to the biological application of structural data.

    For more information, visit
    Structural Biology Interest Group

    From Prediction of Structure to Design of Function

  • Lunch and Learn: Fostering Healthy Habits in Preschoolers
    • - Sue Cohen (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Parenting
    Independence and resiliency are skills fostered during the preschool years. Attend this seminar to learn some positive parenting techniques that you can use during this stage to help children develop strong coping skills and build self esteem..

    Handout available for download at http://videocast.nih.gov/pdf/parenting111908.pdf

    Lunch and Learn: Fostering Healthy Habits in Preschoolers

  • Strategies for Managing Time
    • - Sponsored by Life Work Strategies (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Work/Life Center
    NIH Work Life Seminar

    Time management can be the key to reducing stress by not adding to it. Learn how to manage distractions, discover techniques for planning and prioritizing, and clarify the link between personal values and time use. Work toward becoming a Master of Timing??? to improve personal and professional productivity in ways that enhance the overall quality of work and life.

    For more information, visit
    http://wlc.od.nih.gov

    Strategies for Managing Time

  • Genomics of Tolerance
    • - Benoist, Christophe.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Immunology Interest Group. (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Immunology
    Christophe has a long time interest in the study of thymic tolerance and development of organ specific autoimmunity. During a long-standing collaboration with Diane Mathis, he has studied animal models for diabetes, arthritis and Aire deficiencies. His current research applies a wide range of technologies to study tolerance mechanisms, including mouse genetics, gene expression profiling, mass spectrometry, RNAi screens and imaging tools to track autoimmune inflammation in vivo. He is currently studying how FoxP3 coordinates with other elements in specifying the different facets of the Treg phenotype. His seminar will surely be of interest to many members of the NIH immunology community.

    For more information, visit
    The Immunology Interest Group

    Genomics of Tolerance

  • Job Interviews
    • - Sponsored by the NIH Office of Intramural Training & Education (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Career Development/OITE
    After the application packet, the job interview is vital to securing a position. In this workshop, learn the do`s and don`ts of academic job interviewing and hear a perspective on what interview committees like to see.

    Job Interviews

  • DDM - Succession Planning and Knowledge Management (NIH Only)
    • - Lynne Lancaster & David Stillman (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : DDM Seminar Series (NIH Only)
    2008-2009 Deputy Director for Management (DDM) Seminar Series

    This seminar is one of many efforts at the NIH in striving for management excellence and is designed to bring outstanding speakers to the NIH to discuss leadership and administrative management topics. It will provide administrative and scientific communities with the opportunity to meet with each other to discuss and exchange ideas on the topics presented.

    The DDM Seminar Series is open to all NIH employees and there is no need to pre-register for the event.

    http://www.ddmseries.od.nih.gov

    DDM - Succession Planning and Knowledge Management (NIH Only)

  • Kinyoun Lecture - Dendritic Cells: A Key Target for Vaccine Science
    • - Steinman, Ralph M.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Joseph J. Kinyoun
    2008 Kinyoun Lecture

    For more information, visit
    http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/events/meetings/2008KinyounLecture

    Two of Ralph Steinman???s favorite hobbies ??? ballroom dancing and downhill skiing ??? illustrate contrasting approaches to how scientists design vaccines, an endeavor in which the renowned physician immunologist is trying to bring about change. One vision is polished and precise: the steps will lead to a specific ending every time. The other involves a constant challenge, with random happenings along the way affecting the outcome. The end is usually a question mark. While Dr. Steinman wishes he had more time for both hobbies, he would like the emphasis of vaccine research to be more like the ballroom dance. ???Know what???s to come and then make it into a productive vaccine,??? he says. ???I???d rather know what the immune system is going to do and then develop the vector and adjuvants.???

    Kinyoun Lecture: Dendritic Cells
    Steinman, a physician, distinguished professor, and head of the Rockefeller University Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology in New York City, will deliver the 2008 Kinyoun Lecture at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the Masur auditorium. The title of his talk, ???Dendritic Cells: A Key Target for Vaccine Science,??? focuses on a career-changing finding he was part of three decades ago. Today, about 70 percent of the research under way in Dr. Steinman???s laboratory at Rockefeller focuses on designing a vaccine against HIV. That also is the focus of the man who will be introducing Dr. Steinman in Masur, Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., director of the NIH National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which sponsors the annual lecture. In 2007, both Drs Fauci and Steinman received Lasker Foundation Awards for their career work, much of which has focused on finding ways to treat and prevent HIV. Dr. Steinman???s Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award was for discovering dendritic cells, while Dr. Fauci???s Mary Woodward Lasker Award for Public Service was for his role as the principal architect of two major U.S. governmental programs, one aimed at AIDS and the other at biodefense. Having two Lasker award winners from the same year on the same stage is rare. Though the two have never collaborated on a research project, they are familiar with each other???s work and did ???talk shop??? briefly at last year???s Lasker ceremony, according to Dr. Steinman, discussing frustrating setbacks in an HIV vaccine trial. ???We have a lot in common fundamentally,??? says Dr. Steinman. ???We are both physicians who emphasize immunology in our studies of mechanisms for disease pathogenesis and protection.??? Dr. Fauci says it will be an honor to introduce a true scientific pioneer. It is very rare that an investigator makes a discovery so important that that influences virtually every aspect of a scientific discipline,??? says Dr. Fauci. ???Dr. Steinmans discovery of dendritic cells opens the door to advances in many areas, from vaccine development to cancer immunotherapy. His elegant work has been ??? and will continue to be ??? extraordinary in its impact.

    Training the Immune System
    In 1972, while studying human immune system responses, Dr. Steinman and his mentor, the late Dr. Zanvil Cohn, discovered and named dendritic cells. While the understanding of dendritic cell function is expanding, it is already evident that they have the ability to turn on or turn off areas of the immune system, thus either triggering or silencing a response. Controlling both of those aspects of immunity has enormous potential in medicine. Ever since their seminal discovery, Dr. Steinman has devoted his career to learning how to use dendritic cells to foster beneficial immune system responses. For example, the biology of dendritic cells is now being used to explore vaccines and therapies to prevent infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, allergy, cancer, and rejection of organ transplants. One key to reaching those goals, says Dr. Steinman, is to shift vaccine design research from what he considers guesswork to something more reliable and predictable. ???We can???t put all our eggs in one basket and focus only on using microbes in vaccines,??? says Dr. Steinman in advocating an immune system approach. ???Pasteur realized that a microbe would produce protection, but he did his research prior to the development of the science of immunology. ???Not that one is right and the other is wrong. It???s just a problem of balance. Microbes have limitations and are used as the basis of a vaccine in the hope that the immune system will responds. Let???s put more emphasis on immunologic science to design vaccines in the first place.???

    Of Mice and Models
    Immunologic science, says Dr. Steinman, is primarily about reduction ??? taking cells and molecules apart, observing and understanding their different functions. Generally, however, too little focus is placed on putting those molecules back together to observe and learn about the whole system. ???That???s what we???re doing at Rockefeller and what I try to promote,??? says Dr. Steinman. ???How can we determine what the immune system is going to do, and then how can we control that response, not only with cells in the laboratory, but also in an animal or a patient.??? He says the whole-model approach is unappealing to many young scientists because of the additional research time involved, which translates to fewer published studies. Dr. Steinman says he still works 16-hour days, typically seven days a week. ???Look at today???s scientific journals,??? says Dr. Steinman. ???A huge emphasis is put on ???model antigens??? ??? the antigen models something in an animal or cell. But they are not true models, not representative of what is in the real world. We use the word ???model??? when we should use the word ???tool,??? because these antigens have great experimental advantages. ???We need to set the standards a little higher, consider the whole immune repertoire, the whole beauty of the immune system and what it can do.???

    Clinical Approach
    In his research group, Dr. Steinman???s clinical team recruits volunteers into studies that pertain to cancer, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. All findings from these clinical studies are integrated throughout the 20-member lab group so everyone can share the same methods and concepts ??? a productive learning method he acquired from Dr. Cohn. One promising study under way involves trying to use proteins from HIV as the major component of a vaccine. Dr. Steinman???s associates are taking the microbe apart and studying its protein antigens and other constituents that interact with immune system. ???People think we???re crazy and say that proteins are not good vaccines,??? says Dr. Steinman. He shrugs off that criticism. ???The bigger question is, why not? We need a new type of vaccine that uses select components of a microbe or tumor cell or other cause of disease, and administers these with other defined substances, such as adjuvants, that directly exploit immunology.??? Volunteers in his clinical studies are excited about the work, he says, but they also know that science is a slow process. ???We aren???t evangelists,??? he says. ???The volunteers see the importance of the research and want to be part of the process. We share hypotheses with them and let them know what we???re doing and why.??? What Dr. Steinman???s group is doing is trying to change tradition, from one vaccine delivery approach to another. And they are hoping that dendritic cells will become the maestro that leads to those new steps

    Kinyoun Lecture - Dendritic Cells: A Key Target for Vaccine Science

  • NIH Extramural Staff Training Seminar - Your Role and Responsibility for Handling Financial Conflict of Interest - Day 2 (HHS Only)
    • - Sally Rockey (chair), Diane Dean, Joe Ellis, Kathy Hancock, Gwynne Jenkins, Chuck Selden (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : ESA (HHS Only)
    The integrity of the scientific record is critical to the conduct of science. Risks that compromise objectivity in research must be managed and the highest ethical standards must be upheld. Therefore, it is imperative that all NIH-supported Investigators and their recipient Institutions comply with the requirements of the financial conflict of interest (FCOI) regulations. Investigators must fully disclose their significant financial interests to their Institutions and Institutions must identify, manage, reduce or eliminate financial conflicts of interest and report them to NIH. Your review and oversight is a linchpin of this process. This critical training course will clarify staff roles and responsibilities in the reporting and risk management of FCOI that come to our attention through media, Congressional inquiry, publications, as well as through the receipt of a FCOI report from an NIH-supported Institution.

    For more information, visit
    http://odoerdb2-1.od.nih.gov/oer/training/esa/esa_training_20081021.htm

    NIH Extramural Staff Training Seminar - Your Role and Responsibility for Handling Financial Conflict of Interest - Day 2 (HHS Only)

  • Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Dependent Plasticity: Mechanisms and Mental Retardation
    • - Huber, Kimberly.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Neuroscience
    Altered synapse structure and dysfunction is thought to be the origin of many neurological diseases. Motivated by their basic research findings, they discovered altered synaptic plasticity and function in the mouse model of mental retardation and autism, Fragile X Syndrome. Therefore, another aim of the lab is to identify and understand how alterations in synaptic function and connectivity lead to mental retardation and autism. Specifically, they find that LTD is enhanced and abnormally regulated in a mouse model of human mental retardation, Fragile X Syndrome. Fragile X Syndrome is caused by loss of function mutations in an RNA binding protein called Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) which is an RNA binding protein and regulates protein synthesis at synapses. To address these research questions they use a multi-disciplinary approach including electrophysiology, imaging, and biochemical methods in the hippocampus and neocortex, major brain structures implicated in human cognition.

    Selected Publications:

    Gibson, J.R., Bartley, A.F., Hays, S. and Huber, K.M., An imbalance of neocortical excitation and inhibition and altered UP states reflect network hyperexcitability in the mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome Journal of Neurophysiology, 100(5):2615-26, November 2008

    Waung, M.W., Pfeiffer, B.E., Nosyreva, E.D., Ronesi, J.A. and Huber, K.M., Rapid translation of Arc/Arg3.1 selectively mediates mGluR dependent LTD through persistent increases in AMPAR endocytosis rate Neuron, 59(1):84-97, July 2008

    Ronesi, J.A. and Huber, K.M., Homer interactions are necessary for mGluR-induced long-term depression and translational activation Journal of Neuroscience, 28(2)::543-7, January 2008

    Volk, L. J., Pfeiffer, B.E, Gibson, J.R. and Huber, K.M., Multiple Gq-coupled receptors converge upon a common protein synthesis- dependent LTD that is affected in Fragile X syndrome mental retardation. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(43)::11624-34, October 2007

    Pfeiffer, B.E. and Huber, K.M., Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein induces synapse loss through acute postsynaptic translational regulation Journal of Neuroscience, 27(12):3120-30, March 2007

    For more information see our website - NIH Neuroscience Seminar Series

    Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Dependent Plasticity: Mechanisms and Mental Retardation

  • TRACO: P53 and Inflammation, Epigenetics
    • - Harris, Curtis C.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : TRACO
    For more information, visit
    http://ccr.cancer.gov/careers/traco.asp

    TRACO: P53 and Inflammation, Epigenetics

  • Preview Briefing: "Next-Generation" Family Health History Tool
    • - Galson, Steven K.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Special
    An opportunity for public health, patient and disease advocacy, practitioner and payor organizations to view the new capabilities of the new Internet-based Surgeon General Family Health History Tool.

    Preview Briefing: "Next-Generation" Family Health History Tool

  • Cancer Screening: The Clash of Medical Science and Intuition
    • - Kramer, Barnett S.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Medicine for the Public
    NIH Clinical Centers 2008 Medicine for the Public Lecture Series

    The notion that early detection saves lives seems a simple and obvious truth, but many generally-accepted cancer-screening procedures have yet to be proven effective, and all have associated harms that are often overlooked. Dr. Barnett Kramer will address what it means for a screening test to be considered effective and differentiate what is known from what makes intuitive sense in the area of cancer screening.

    Dr. Kramer is the Associate Director for Disease Prevention and Director of the Office of Medical Applications of Research in the Office of Disease Prevention, Office of the Director at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, MD. He is the Chairperson of the NIH Continuing Medical Education Committee and is a member of a number of scientific committees. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. He serves as Chairman of the Physician Data Query (PDQ) Editorial Board on Screening and Prevention and is a member of the PDQ Treatment Editorial Board. Dr. Kramer has served on the Cancer Prevention Committee of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and served as the committee chairperson from 2006 to 2007. He currently serves on the ASCO Health Services Committee.

    Dr. Kramer received his medical degree from the University of Maryland Medical School in 1973, and completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri in 1975. He completed a medical oncology fellowship at the National Cancer Institute (U.S.) in 1978. He is board-certified in internal medicine and medical oncology, and has received a master???s degree in public health from Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health in 1991.

    Dr. Kramer has extensive experience in cancer treatment studies, primary prevention studies, as well as clinical screening trials of lung, ovarian, breast and prostate cancers. He is medical officer for two large cancer screening trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, Ovarian (PLCO) Trial; and the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). He has a strong interest in weighing and reporting the strength of medical evidence and sponsors an annual Medicine in the Media Workshop to help working journalists develop methods of reporting medical evidence.

    Dr. Kramer has published widely and written numerous reviews and book chapters. He is the co-author of the book ???Cancer Screening: Theory and Practice.???

    http://www.cc.nih.gov/about/news/mfp.shtml

    Cancer Screening: The Clash of Medical Science and Intuition

  • Redox Biology - Redox Enzymes and Cancer Therapy
    • - Ridnour, L.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Redox Biology
    Redox Biology (RB)

    The course is designed for NIH fellows to enhance their knowledge of redox biology. Reactive species such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide are associated with cellular toxicity, however, nitric oxide is useful in the treatment cardiovascular disease. The course will examine the role of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species in carcinogenesis, cancer proliferation and angiogenesis.

    For more information, visit
    http://ccr.cancer.gov/careers/courses/rb

    Redox Biology - Redox Enzymes and Cancer Therapy

  • Science in the Public Health - Understanding the Human-Animal Bond: What Has Your Pet Done For You Lately? (HHS Only)
    • - Laura Moen, Marina Broitman, Dorothy Duke, Abby Ershow, Chris Ketchum, Valerie Maholmes, Bob Mays (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : STEP (HHS Only)
    Science in the Public Health

    When was the last time your dog asked you to go for a walk? Does your cat really miss you when you are away on vacation? Does your rabbit think you???re just another bunny? Our unique relationship with animals has evolved throughout history. Companion animals play numerous roles in improving the lives of their humans. These roles may include providing assistance to the elderly and comfort to those with chronic conditions. What are the social, medical, and psychological benefits of our interactions with animals? This STEP forum will explore the science of the human-animal bond and why it is important to so many of us.

    STEP subcommittee for this event:
    Chair: Laura Moen
    Members: Marina Broitman, Dorothy Duke, Abby Ershow, Chris Ketchum, Valerie Maholmes, Bob Mays

    For more information, visit
    http://odoerdb2-1.od.nih.gov/oer/training/step/step_training_20081125.htm

    Science in the Public Health - Understanding the Human-Animal Bond: What Has Your Pet Done For You Lately? (HHS Only)

  • Translation Science: Exposing a Deadly Difference (NIH-Only)
    • - Ferrans, Carol Estwing.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.). (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : NCI CCR Grand Rounds (NIH Only)
    Dr. Ferrans has been conducting studies focusing on quality of life and minority issues in health care over the past 20 years, funded by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute for Nursing Research. She is well known for developing the Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index, which has been translated into 21 languages and has been used throughout the world in more than 200 published studies. In addition, she has contributed to the conceptual development of the field of quality of life research, through her conceptual work focused on clarification of the construct. Dr. Ferrans has received a number of awards for her work, and has been recognized as a Distinguished Research Fellow by the International Society for Quality of Life Studies (ISQOLS).

    Dr. Ferrans maintains an active program of research, studying the effects of illness and treatment on quality of life in cancer, cardiac disease, and other chronic illnesses. An important part of this research has focused on cross-cultural issues, including approaches to increase validity of data and participation in research for minority populations in the United States. This has included the development of culturally specific measures for African Americans and Hispanic Americans.

    Dr. Ferrans currently is the principal investigator for two large (R01) studies funded by NCI. One study examines cancer survivorship issues for African Americans, focusing on the impact on quality of life and barriers to cancer screening. The second study focuses on breast cancer delay in black, Hispanic and white women. In addition, she is the mentor for NIH- and ACS-funded postdoctoral and career-development awards, studying the effect of trust and cancer screening in African American women, prostate cancer screening in African American men, and the effect of trust in health care decision making in African American caregivers of older adults.

    SELECTED REFERENCES: 1. Hirschman, J., Whitman, S., Ansell, D. The black-white disparity in breast cancer mortality: the example of Chicago. Cancer Causes Control. 2007 Apr;18(3):323-33.

    2. Report of the Metropolitan Chicago Breast Cancer Task Force: Improving Quality and Reducing Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality in Metropolitan Chicago (October 2007). http://www.sinai.org/urban/summit/

    NCI???s Center for Cancer Research (CCR) Grand Rounds is a weekly lecture series addressing current research in clinical and molecular oncology. Speakers are leading national and international researchers and clinicians proposed by members of the CCR Grand Rounds Planning Committee and others within the CCR community and approved by the CCR Office of the Director. Lectures occur every Tuesday from 8:00 to 9:00 a.m. in Lipsett Amphitheater in the Clinical Center building on the NIH campus September through July with exceptions around holidays and major cancer meetings. The lecture schedule is posted on various calendars of events, including at the following link:
    http://www.bethesdatrials.cancer.gov/health-care-professionals/grand-rounds.aspx

    Translation Science: Exposing a Deadly Difference (NIH-Only)

  • Modeling Social Behavior (Day 1)
    • - National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Conferences
    The purpose of this meeting is to explore the field of social behavior modeling, identifying opportunities, challenges, and gaps in our collective knowledge. Participants will explore the scope and direction of the field through presentations and facilitated discussion.

    http://meetings.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=home&ID=3305

    Modeling Social Behavior (Day 1)

  • Modeling Social Behavior (Day 2)
    • - National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Conferences
    The purpose of this meeting is to explore the field of social behavior modeling, identifying opportunities, challenges, and gaps in our collective knowledge. Participants will explore the scope and direction of the field through presentations and facilitated discussion.

    http://meetings.nigms.nih.gov/index.cfm?event=home&ID=3305

    Modeling Social Behavior (Day 2)

  • Optimizing Calcium Ion Channel Function Exon by Exon and Neuron by Neuron
    • - Lipscombe, Diane.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Neuroscience
    Dr. Lipscombe studies the regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels in neurons (http://neuroscience.brown.edu/lipscombe.html ). Diane performed her graduate work at University College London with Professors H.P. Rang and D. Colquhoun. She then moved to Dick Tisen???s laboratory for her postdoctoral studies at Yale, subsequently moving with him to Stanford. In 1990 Diane joined the faculty at Brown University department of Neuroscience where she is now Full Professor. Diane???s research focuses on the mechanisms regulating voltage-gated calcium channels. Her work in Dick Tsien???s lab was groundbreaking, defining the mechanism for presynaptic regulation of synaptic transmission by neuromodulators, showing that this is achieved by actions on presynaptic N-type calcium channels. With the cloning of calcium channel subunits, Diane took advantage of molecular approaches to define a series of novel molecular mechanisms regulating calcium channel function, including mRNA stabilization and alternative splicing. Her recent work shows an hitherto unexpected level of regulation of N-type calcium channel function in neurons that is dependent upon alternative splicing of calcium channel mRNA producing a regulation of G protein-dependent inhibition of the channel. The implications for this work are profound showing that cell type specific alternative splicing serves as a molecular switch to control the sensitivity of N-type calcium channels to neuromodulators. Furthermore, it is likely that this is a more general mechanism regulating calcium channel function producing an unexpected degree of diversity in channel regulation.

    NIH Neuroscience Seminar Series

    Optimizing Calcium Ion Channel Function Exon by Exon and Neuron by Neuron

  • TRACO: Health Disparities and Epidemiology
    • - Caporaso, Neil.
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : TRACO
    For more information, visit
    http://ccr.cancer.gov/careers/traco.asp

    TRACO: Health Disparities and Epidemiology

  • Safety Symposium on Public Health and Biosafety Practices for Research with 1918 H1N1
    • - Safety Symposium on Public Health and Biosafety Practice for Research with 1918 H1N1
      National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Office of Biotechnology Activities. (2010/11/18)
    • - Category : Conferences
    A safety symposium entitled ???Public Health and Biosafety Practices for Research with 1918 H1N1 will be held on December 2, 2008, and is cosponsored by the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, CDC/USDA and the Intragovernmental Select Agent and Toxin Technical Advisory Committee. The safety symposium will bring together experts to provide their perspectives on the safety, efficacy, and advisability of pre-exposure antiviral prophylaxis for researchers working with the reconstructed pandemic 1918 influenza virus and how the presence or absence of pre-exposure prophylaxis should be factored into a determination of the appropriate biocontainment level for work with the 1918 influenza virus.

    Safety Symposium on Public Health and Biosafety Practices for Research with 1918 H1N1